Channel aggregation digital beamforming

ABSTRACT

In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a first plurality of digital beamformers associated with a first channel; a second plurality of digital beamformers associated with a second channel different from the first channel; a channel combiner, electrically coupled to the first and second plurality of digital beamformers, and configured to generate a combined channel comprising an aggregation of the encoded first plurality of data beams and the encoded second plurality of data beams, wherein the combined channel has a bandwidth that is a function of a bandwidth of one or both of the first or second channel; and a radio frequency (RF) transmission section, electrically coupled to the channel combiner, and configured to generate an output signal to be provided to a transmitting antenna based on the combined channel, wherein the RF transmission section includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a mixer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/847,749 filed May 14, 2019 entitled “ChannelAggregation Digital Beamforming,” the contents of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

An antenna (such as a dipole antenna) typically generates radiation in apattern that has a preferred direction. For example, the generatedradiation pattern is stronger in some directions and weaker in otherdirections. Likewise, when receiving electromagnetic signals, theantenna has the same preferred direction. Signal quality (e.g., signalto noise ratio or SNR), whether in transmitting or receiving scenarios,can be improved by aligning the preferred direction of the antenna witha direction of the target or source of the signal. However, it is oftenimpractical to physically reorient the antenna with respect to thetarget or source of the signal. Additionally, the exact location of thesource/target may not be known. To overcome some of the aboveshortcomings of the antenna, a phased array antenna can be formed from aset of antenna elements to simulate a large directional antenna. Anadvantage of a phased array antenna is its ability to transmit and/orreceive signals in a preferred direction (e.g., the antenna'sbeamforming ability) without physical repositioning or reorientating.

It would be advantageous to configure phased array antennas havingincreased bandwidth while maintaining a high ratio of the main lobepower to the side lobe power. Likewise, it would be advantageous toconfigure phased array antennas and associated circuitry having reducedweight, reduced size, lower manufacturing cost, and/or lower powerrequirements. Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure aredirected to these and other improvements in phased array antenna systemsor portions thereof.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in asimplified form that are further described below in the DetailedDescription. This summary is not intended to identify key features ofthe claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid indetermining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a first plurality of digitalbeamformers associated with a first channel, the first plurality ofdigital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a firstplurality of data beams of the first channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded first plurality of data beams; asecond plurality of digital beamformers associated with a second channeldifferent from the first channel, the second plurality of digitalbeamformers configured to encode each data beam of a second plurality ofdata beams of the second channel with a respective time delay and phaseto generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; a channelcombiner, electrically coupled to the first and second plurality ofdigital beamformers, and configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of the encoded first plurality of data beamsand the encoded second plurality of data beams, wherein the combinedchannel has a bandwidth that is a function of a bandwidth of one or bothof the first or second channel; and a radio frequency (RF) transmissionsection, electrically coupled to the channel combiner, and configured togenerate an output signal to be provided to a transmitting antenna basedon the combined channel, wherein the RF transmission section includes adigital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a mixer.

In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a first plurality of digitalbeamformers associated with a first channel, the first plurality ofdigital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a firstplurality of data beams of the first channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded first plurality of data beams; asecond plurality of digital beamformers associated with a second channeldifferent from the first channel, the second plurality of digitalbeamformers configured to encode each data beam of a second plurality ofdata beams of the second channel with a respective time delay and phaseto generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; and a pluralityof channel combiners electrically coupled to the first and secondplurality of digital beamformers, wherein each channel combiner of theplurality channel combiners is configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of the encoded first plurality of data beamsand the encoded second plurality of data beams, wherein the combinedchannel has a bandwidth that is a function of a bandwidth of one or bothof the first or second channel, wherein the combined channel is to betransmitted on an antenna of a phased array antenna.

In some embodiments, a phased array antenna system includes a pluralityof antenna elements arranged in an antenna lattice; and an integratedcircuit (IC) chip comprising: a first plurality of digital beamformersassociated with a first channel, the first plurality of digitalbeamformers configured to encode each data beam of a first plurality ofdata beams of the first channel with a respective time delay and phaseto generate an encoded first plurality of data beams; a second pluralityof digital beamformers associated with a second channel different fromthe first channel, the second plurality of digital beamformersconfigured to encode each data beam of a second plurality of data beamsof the second channel with a respective time delay and phase to generatean encoded second plurality of data beams; a channel combiner,electrically coupled to the first and second plurality of digitalbeamformers, and configured to generate a combined channel comprising anaggregation of the encoded first plurality of data beams and the encodedsecond plurality of data beams; and a radio frequency (RF) transmissionsection, electrically coupled to the channel combiner, and configured togenerate an output signal to be provided to an antenna element of theplurality of antenna elements based on the combined channel, wherein theRF transmission section includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) anda mixer, and wherein power requirement of the system is reduced by20-30% relative to a system that transmits the first and secondplurality of data beams using an IC chip absent the channel combiner.

In some embodiments, a method includes, in response to receiving a firstplurality of data beams of a first channel, generating an encodeddigital first plurality of data beams by encoding each data beam of thefirst plurality of data beams with a respective time delay and phase; inresponse to receiving a second plurality of data beams of a secondchannel, generating an encoded digital second plurality of data beams byencoding each data beam of the second plurality of data beams with arespective time delay and phase; combining the encoded digital firstplurality of data beams and the encoded digital second plurality of databeams to generate a combined channel having a bandwidth that is afunction of a bandwidth of one or both of the first or second channel;applying digital-to-analog conversion to the combined channel signal togenerate an analog combined channel signal; up converting the analogcombined channel signal to generate a radio frequency (RF) signal basedon the analog combined channel signal; and wirelessly transmitting theRF signal on an antenna included in a phased array antenna.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of thisinvention will become more readily appreciated as the same become betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description, whentaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is an example illustration of a digital beamformer (DBF) chipincluded in a phased array antenna system in accordance with someembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an example illustration of a plurality of data beams orsignals included in a plurality of channels undergoing signal processingby the DBF chip in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 3 is an example illustration showing circuitry or componentsincluded in the DBF chip in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an example illustration showing additional details of asection of the DBF chip in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 5 is an example illustration showing generation of the combinedchannel signal for path 1 from a path-centric perspective in accordancewith some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is an example illustration showing time delay encoding includedin the radiation or signals transmitted by the M antenna elements inaccordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is an example illustration showing an overall radiation or signalgenerated by the M antenna elements, such as the M antenna elementsincluded in an antenna lattice, in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is an example illustration of a process performed by the DBF chipin accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is an example illustration of a top view of an antenna lattice inaccordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 is an example illustration of DBF chips implemented in a daisychain configuration in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of apparatuses and methods relate to channel aggregationdigital beamforming. In some embodiments, an apparatus includes a firstplurality of digital beamformers associated with a first channel, thefirst plurality of digital beamformers configured to encode each databeam of a first plurality of data beams of the first channel with arespective time delay and phase to generate an encoded first pluralityof data beams; a second plurality of digital beamformers associated witha second channel different from the first channel, the second pluralityof digital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a secondplurality of data beams of the second channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; achannel combiner, electrically coupled to the first and second pluralityof digital beamformers, and configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of at least a portion of the encoded firstplurality of data beams and at least a portion of the encoded secondplurality of data beams, wherein the combined channel has a bandwidththat is a function of a bandwidth of one or both of the first or secondchannel; and a radio frequency (RF) transmission section, electricallycoupled to the channel combiner, and configured to generate an outputsignal to be provided to a transmitting antenna based on the combinedchannel, wherein the RF transmission section includes adigital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a mixer. These and other aspectsof the present disclosure will be more fully described below.

While the concepts of the present disclosure are susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof havebeen shown by way of example in the drawings and will be describedherein in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is nointent to limit the concepts of the present disclosure to the particularforms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover allmodifications, equivalents, and alternatives consistent with the presentdisclosure and the appended claims.

References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,”“an illustrative embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodimentdescribed may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but every embodiment may or may not necessarily includethat particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, suchphrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further,when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described inconnection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within theknowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure,or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or notexplicitly described. Additionally, it should be appreciated that itemsincluded in a list in the form of “at least one A, B, and C” can mean(A); (B); (C); (A and B); (B and C); (A and C); or (A, B, and C).Similarly, items listed in the form of “at least one of A, B, or C” canmean (A); (B); (C); (A and B); (B and C); (A and C); or (A, B, and C).

Language such as “top surface”, “bottom surface”, “vertical”,“horizontal”, and “lateral” in the present disclosure is meant toprovide orientation for the reader with reference to the drawings and isnot intended to be the required orientation of the components or toimpart orientation limitations into the claims.

In the drawings, some structural or method features may be shown inspecific arrangements and/or orderings. However, it should beappreciated that such specific arrangements and/or orderings may not berequired. Rather, in some embodiments, such features may be arranged ina different manner and/or order than shown in the illustrative figures.Additionally, the inclusion of a structural or method feature in aparticular figure is not meant to imply that such feature is required inall embodiments and, in some embodiments, it may not be included or maybe combined with other features.

Many embodiments of the technology described herein may take the form ofcomputer- or controller-executable instructions, including routinesexecuted by a programmable computer or controller. Those skilled in therelevant art will appreciate that the technology can be practiced oncomputer/controller systems other than those shown and described above.The technology can be embodied in a special-purpose computer, controlleror data processor that is specifically programmed, configured orconstructed to perform one or more of the computer-executableinstructions described above. Accordingly, the terms “computer” and“controller” as generally used herein refer to any data processor andcan include Internet appliances and hand-held devices (includingpalm-top computers, wearable computers, cellular or mobile phones,multi-processor systems, processor-based or programmable consumerelectronics, network computers, mini computers and the like).Information handled by these computers can be presented at any suitabledisplay medium, including an organic light emitting diode (OLED) displayor liquid crystal display (LCD).

FIG. 1 is an example illustration of a digital beamformer (DBF) chip 100included in a phased array antenna system in accordance with someembodiments of the present disclosure. DBF chip 100 comprises at least aportion of a transmitter or transmitter panel of the phased arrayantenna system. In an embodiment, DBF chip 100 comprises a singleintegrated circuit (IC) chip package including a plurality of pins, inwhich at least a first subset of the plurality of pins is configured toreceive 2N number of data signals or streams included in a plurality ofchannels from a modem and a second subset of the plurality of pins isconfigured to output radio frequency (RF) signals to be transmitted by Mnumber of antenna elements included in an antenna lattice of the phasedarray antenna system. FIG. 9 is an example illustration of a top view ofan antenna lattice 900 in accordance with some embodiments of thepresent disclosure. Antenna lattice 900 (also referred to as a phasedarray antenna) includes a plurality of antenna elements 902 arranged ina particular pattern. A subset 904 of the plurality of antenna elements902 comprises the M antenna elements.

FIG. 2 is an example illustration of a plurality of data beams orsignals included in a plurality of channels undergoing signal processingby DBF chip 100 in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. FIG. 3 is an example illustration showing circuitry orcomponents included in the DBF chip 100 in accordance with someembodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 will be described inconjunction with FIG. 3.

In an embodiment, the 2N data beams inputted to the DBF chip 100 areinitially carried on a plurality of channels, in which N is greaterthan 1. As shown in FIG. 2, a signal 200 is representative of a firstchannel 200 (also referred to as channel 1) carrying or comprising Ndata beams of the 2N data beams (denoted as 1 to N data signals, inwhich N is greater than 1) and having a bandwidth 202 of BW. A signal204 is representative of a second channel 204 (also referred to aschannel 2) carrying or comprising the remaining N data beams of the 2Ndata beams (denoted as N+1 to 2N data signals) and having a bandwidth206 of BW. Bandwidths 202 and 206 are the same or approximately the sameas each other. The plurality of data beams included in the channels (the2N data beams) are also referred to as data signals, data streams,and/or the like.

In DBF chip 100, each data beam or signal of the 2N data beams isdifferently encoded relative to each other so that each of the databeams can be reconstructed in its entirety and distinctly from the otherdata beams at the receiver side even though the two channels comprisingthe 2N data beams are transmitted as a combined or aggregated channel,as will be described in detail below. Depending on the particularfrequency shift applied to first and second channels 200, 204, thecombined or aggregated channel after channel bonding can comprise acombined channel represented as a signal 208 having a bandwidth 210 thatis twice the bandwidth (or approximately twice the bandwidth) of eitherthe first or second channel 200, 204 (e.g., bandwidth 210 is 2BW) or acombined channel represented as a signal 212 having a bandwidth 214 thatis the same bandwidth of either the first or second channel 200, 204(e.g., bandwidth 214 is BW).

In an embodiment, DBF chip 100 includes a data interface 302, a channelbonding section 300, a RF section 301, a RF phase lock loop (PLL) 332, adigital-to-analog converter (DAC) PLL 334, and a local oscillator (LO)generator 336, as shown in FIG. 3. Channel bonding section 300 iselectrically coupled in series between the data interface 302 and RFsection 301. RF PLL 332, DAC PLL 334, and LO generator 336 variouslyelectrical couple with each other or to RF section 301, as will bedescribed in detail below. The channel bonding section 300 includes aplurality of digital beamformers (DBFs) 303, a plurality of DBFs 305, aplurality of up samplers 308, a plurality of digital mixers 310, aplurality of up samplers 312, a plurality of digital mixers 314, aplurality of channel combiners 316, and a plurality of IQ gain and phasecompensators 318. The RF section 301 includes a plurality of up samplers320, a plurality of DACs 322, a plurality of low pass filters (LPFs)324, a plurality of mixers 326, and a plurality of pre power amplifiers(PPAs) 328. Channel bonding section 300 is also referred to as abaseband section, a baseband processing section, a digital basebandprocessing section, a digital time delay and phase encoding section,and/or the like. RF section 301 is also referred to as a RF processingsection, a RF carrier application section, and/or the like.

The channel bonding section 300 is configured to uniquely encode eachdata signal or beam of the 2N data beams configured in more than onechannel and then combines or bonds the encoded data beams into a singlecombined/aggregated channel. The unique encoding of the data beamspermits the data beams to be superimposed or stacked on each other inthe same frequency range for transmission on each antenna element of thesubset 904 of the plurality of antenna elements 902 (e.g., the M antennaelements) and then reconstituted at a receiver. The RF section 301, alsoreferred to as a RF transmitter or transmission section, along with RFPLL 332, DAC PLL 334, and LO generator 336 configures thecombined/aggregated channel output of the channel bonding section 300 ona RF carrier signal suitable for transmission by each of M antennaelements 902.

The plurality of DBFs 303 comprise N number of DBFs, one for each of theN data beams of channel 1 provided by the data interface 302. Data beam1 of channel 1 is the input to DBF 1 of DBFs 303, data beam 2 of channel1 is the input to DBF 2 of DBFs 303, and so forth to data beam N ofchannel 1 being the input to DBF N of DBFs 303. Likewise, the pluralityof DBFs 305 comprise N number of DBFs, one for each of the N+1 to 2Ndata beams of channel 2 provided by the data interface 302. Data beamN+1 of channel 2 is the input to DBF N+1 of DBFs 305, data beam N+2 ofchannel 2 is the input to DBF N+2 of DBFs 305, and so forth to data beam2N of channel 2 being the input to DBF 2N of DBFs 305. Each DBF of theplurality of DBFs 303, 305 is configured to encode the respective databeam with a particular time delay and phase, as shown in detail in FIGS.4 and 5.

Section 304 denoted in FIG. 3 includes the N number of DBFs 303 and Mnumber of summation components or adders (see FIG. 4) to generate Moutputs that are the respective inputs to the plurality of up samplers308. Likewise, section 306 denoted in FIG. 3 includes the N number ofDBFs 305 and M number of summation components or adders (see FIG. 4) togenerate M outputs that are the respective inputs to the plurality of upsamplers 312. Signals 200 and 204 of FIG. 2 are representative of therespective inputs to sections 304 and 306.

The plurality of up samplers 308 comprise M number of up samplers, onefor each of the respective M signals provided by section 304. Signal 1outputted by section 304 is the input to up sampler 1 of up samplers308, signal 2 outputted by section 304 is the input up sampler 2 of upsamplers 308, and so forth to signal M outputted by section 304 beingthe input to up sampler M of up samplers 308. Each of the up samplers308 is configured to resample its respective input signal to a highersample rate or density and provide an up sampled signal as the output.

The outputs of up samplers 308 are the inputs to respective digitalmixers 310. The plurality of digital mixers 310 comprise M number ofdigital mixers, one for each of the respective M up sampled signalsprovided by up samplers 308. Up sampled signal 1 outputted by up sampler1 is the input to digital mixer 1 of digital mixers 310, up sampledsignal 2 outputted by up sampler 2 is the input to digital mixer 2 ofdigital mixers 310, and so forth. The digital mixers 310 are configuredto frequency shift the center frequency associated with the up sampledsignals. A particular amount of frequency shifting can be applied suchas zero or greater than zero amount of frequency shifting. Plurality ofup samplers 312 and plurality of digital mixers 314 are similar torespective up samplers 308 and digital mixers 310 except they processthe M outputs of section 306 for channel 2. Digital mixers 310, 314 mayalso referred to as frequency shifters, digital frequency shifters, orthe like.

In an embodiment, digital mixers 310 and 314 are configured to apply asymmetric amount of frequency shift to respective sets of up sampledsignals. If the digital mixers 314 are set to frequency shift by Δf,then the digital mixers 310 are set to frequency shift by −Δf (or viceversa). For example, as shown in FIG. 2, signal 200 associated withchannel 1 and signal 204 associated with channel 2 both have the samebaseband center frequency f_(DC). If a non-zero amount of frequencyshifting (Δf≠0) is applied by digital mixers 310, 314, then the centerfrequency of signal 200 shifts by −Δf and the center frequency of signal204 shifts by Δf. The value of Δf is approximately equal or greater thanhalf the bandwidth 202 or 206 (e.g., Δf≥BW/2).

The outputs of digital mixers 310 and 314 are the inputs to channelcombiners 316. The plurality of channel combiners 316 comprise M numberof channel combiners, with each ith channel combiner of the M channelcombiners receiving the corresponding output from each of the ithdigital mixers 310 and 314. Channel combiners 316 are configured tocombine, aggregate, or bond the encoded data beams of channels 1 and 2into a single combined or aggregated channel. The type of channelbonding performed by channel combiners 316 is in coordination with theamount of frequency shifting applied by digital mixers 310, 314. The Moutputs of the channel combiners 316 comprise a single combined oraggregated channel containing encoded data beams 1:2N. Channel combiners316 may also be referred to as channel bonding components or the like.

Signal 208 in FIG. 2 conceptually illustrates a combined/aggregatedchannel generated based on the contents of signals 200 and 204 afterapplication of a ±Δf frequency shift by digital mixers 310, 314. Theresulting combined/aggregated channel has a bandwidth 210 that is equalto or approximately twice the bandwidth of bandwidth 202 or 206 (orbandwidth 210 equals or is approximately equal to the sum of bandwidths202 and 206). The encoded 2N data beams are “stacked” together orprovided within the frequency range of the single combined channelhaving a bandwidth 210. Each of the encoded data beams 1 to N isprovided in a (same) first frequency range of the single combinedchannel, and each of the encoded data beams N+1 to 2N is provided in a(same) second frequency range of the signal combined channel.

If no frequency shifting is applied to the encoded 2N data beams bydigital mixers 310, 314 (Δf=0), then after channel bonding by channelcombiners 316, the combined or aggregated channel containing encodeddata beams 1:2N is as shown as signal 212 in FIG. 2. Conceptually, allof the encoded 2N data beams are “stacked” together or provided withinthe same frequency range of the single combined channel having abandwidth 214. The bandwidth 214 of the combined channel is the same (orapproximately the same) as the bandwidth of either of the initialchannels 1 or 2.

The M outputs of the channel combiners 316 comprise the inputs to theplurality of IQ gain and phase compensators 318. The plurality of IQgain and phase compensators 318 comprise M number of IQ gain and phasecompensators, with each ith IQ gain and phase compensator of the M IQgain and phase compensators receiving the output from the ith channelcombiner 316. Each ith IQ gain and phase compensator 318 is configuredto pre-compensate for any undesirable DC offset, complex gain, and/orphase mismatch in the ith RF path.

The M outputs of the IQ gain and phase compensators 318 comprise theinputs to the plurality of up samplers 320. The plurality of up samplers320 comprise M number of up samplers, with each ith up sampler of the Mup samplers receiving the output from the ith IQ gain and phasecompensator 318. Each of the up samplers 320 is configured to resampleits respective input signal to a higher sample rate or density andprovide the up sampled signal as the input to a DAC 322. For example, upsamplers 320 may up sample by a factor of four.

In some embodiments, up samplers 320 may comprise parts of respectivetransmit digital front ends (Tx DFEs). Such Tx DFEs may be disposedbetween the IQ gain and phase compensators 318 and DACs 322 instead ofup samplers 320.

The ith DAC 322 receives the output of the ith up sampler 320. There isa total of M number of IQ-DACs 322. IQ-DACs 322 are configured toconvert the digital input signals into analog signals. The ith LPF 324receives the output of the ith DAC 322. There is a total of M number ofIQ-LPFs 324.

The analog signals from the DACs 322 are low pass filtered or de-noisedby the LPFs 324. The ith mixer 326 receives the output of the ith LPF324. There is a total of M number of mixers 326. Mixers 326 areconfigured to perform frequency up conversion to convert the (baseband)center frequency associated with the combined channel to a carrierfrequency (e.g., change from f_(DC) to f_(RF)). The ith PPA 328 receivesthe output of the ith mixer 326. There is a total of M number of PPAs328. PPAs 328 are configured to amplify the received signals and providethe output to respective PAs 340.

A reference clock 330, located external to DBF chip 100, provides acommon reference signal to RF PLL 332 and DAC PLL 334. DAC PLL 334, inturn, drives the DACs 322. RF PLL 332, in turn, drives the LO generator336. The LO generator 336 provides common signals to the M mixers 326 toperform synchronized frequency up conversion.

The outputs of the PPAs 328 are the inputs to the PAs 340. The pluralityof PAs 340 comprises M number of PAs, each ith PA of the M PAs receivingthe output from the ith PPA 328. PAs 340 are configured to power amplifythe received signals and provide the amplified signals for transmissionby the respective antenna element 902 of the M number of antennaelements 902. Each ith antenna element of the M antenna elements 902receives the output of the ith PA 340. PAs 340 and the M antennaelements 902 are located external to the DBF chip 100.

In some embodiments, either the M PPAs 328 or M PAs 340 may be optionalif a single stage of power amplification is capable of providing therequired amount of amplification for transmission of the signals by theantenna elements 902.

RF section 301 can comprise a quadrature direct conversion transmitter(IQ) section, a quadrature direct conversion transmitter, or the like.For each ith set of up sampler 320, DAC 322, LPF 324, and mixer 326, twosuch sets in parallel may be implemented, in which the first set isconfigured to process the I portion of the ith I and Q complex signaland the second set is configured to process the Q portion of the ith Iand Q complex signal. The ith I and Q complex signal is the signaloutputted by the ith IQ gain and phase compensator 318 to the RF section301.

FIG. 6 is an example illustration showing time delay encoding includedin the radiation or signals transmitted by the M antenna elements inaccordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Theradiation is configured to propagate in a particular direction, namely,in a beam direction 600. Time delays 602, 604, 606 correspond to thetime delays applied to the data beams of channels 1 and 2 by DBFs 303,305. FIG. 7 is an example illustration showing an overall radiation orsignal 710 generated by the M antenna elements, such as M antennaelements 702 included in an antenna lattice 700, in accordance with someembodiments of the present disclosure. Antenna lattice 700 may besimilar to antenna lattice 900 and antenna elements 702 may be similarto antenna elements 902. Radiation 710 depicts only the main lobes ofthe overall antenna signal and omits showing the side lobes to simplifyillustration. 2N main lobes are included in the radiation 710—a mainlobe 712 for data beam 1, main lobe 714 for data beam 2, and so forth.

Because the 2N data beams of channels 1 and 2 are configured to beprovided, by DBF chip 100, to M antenna elements for transmissionsuitable to be recovered or reconstituted by receiver(s), DBF chip 100performs a transformation of the 2N signal paths at the input sideassociated with the 2N data beam inputs to M signal paths associatedwith the M antenna elements in order to output M signals to M antennaelements. Each of the M signal paths within DBF chip 100 comprises adistinct signal pathway, including a set of distinct components, togenerate a particular output signal to a particular antenna element. TheM signal paths may also be referred as transmit signal paths, signalprocessing paths, transmit signal processing pathway, and/or the like.

After summation of encoded 1:N data beams into M encoded signals insection 304 and summation of encoded N+1:2N data beams into M encodedsignals in section 306, the ith encoded signal outputted by section 304,the ith encoded signal outputted by section 306, the ith up sampler 308,ith digital mixer 310, ith up sampler 312, ith digital mixer 314, ithchannel combiner 316, ith IQ gain and phase compensator 318, ith upsampler 320, ith DAC 322, ith LPF 324, ith mixer 326, ith PPA 328, andith PA 340 define the ith signal processing or traversal path for theith antenna element. Hence, the signal path and associated processingcomponents for antenna element 1 may be referred to as path 1, thesignal path and associated processing components for antenna element 2can be referred to as path 2, and so forth.

FIG. 8 is an example illustration of a process 800 performed by DBF chip100 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. At ablock 802, the data interface 302 included in DBF chip 100 receives aplurality of data beams of a first channel (e.g., 1:N data beams ofchannel 1) from a modem. The data interface 302 may perform preliminaryprocessing, as needed, on the plurality of data beams of the firstchannel suitable for providing to section 304. Each of the data beamsmay also be referred to a data stream, data signal, or data.

Next at a block 804, section 304 is configured to encode each data beamof the plurality of data beams of the first channel with a particulartime delay and phase. FIG. 4 is an example illustration showingadditional details of section 304 in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present disclosure. DBF 303 configured to receive data beam 1 of theplurality of data beams of the first channel includes a memory 400, atime delay filter 402, a digital filter 404, a digital gain control 406,and a set of M number of phase filters ϕ¹ ₁ to ϕ¹ _(M). Time delayfilter 402 receives data beam 1 from data interface 302. The output oftime delay filter 402 is the input to the digital filter 404. The outputof digital filter 404 is the input to the digital gain control 406. Theoutput of the digital gain control 406 is the input to each of the Mphase filters. Memory 400 receives a delay signal and provides a controlsignal to the time delay filter 402 based on the delay signal.

In an embodiment, time delay filter 402 comprises a finite impulseresponse filter (FIR), a transversal filter, a Farrow FIR, and/or thelike. Memory 400 generates a control signal that specifies the amount oftime delay to be applied by time delay filter 402. For example, a timedelay τ₁ is applied or encoded to data beam 1 by time delay filter 402.Data beam 1 encoded with time delay τ₁ is provided to digital filter 404to remove noise or other undesirable components. Digital filter 404 maybe optional where filtering is not necessary due to quality of thesignals from the modem.

Digital gain control 406 is configured to amplify data beam 1 withapplied time delay τ₁ for providing to the set of M number of phasefilters. The set of M phase filters may also be referred to as a phasefilter stage, and each phase filter may also be referred to as a phaseshifter, phase multiplier, or the like. Each of the M phase filters isconfigured to encode data beam 1 with applied time delay τ₁ with aparticular phase that differs from the phase of the other phase filters.Phase filter 408 is configured to encode a phase ϕ¹ ₁, phase filter 410is configured to encode a phase φ¹ ₂, and so forth up to phase filter412 configured to encode a phase ϕ¹ _(M). Each of the phases ϕ¹ ₁ tophase ϕ¹ _(M) is different from each other.

The DBF 303 for each of the remaining data beams 2 to N is similar toDBF 303 discussed above for data beam 1, except for the amount of timedelay and phases applied to respective data beams 2 to N. For example,DBF 303 that receives data beam 2 applies a time delay τ₂ to data beam2, DBF 303 that receives data beam 3 applies a time delay τ₃ to databeam 3, and the like. Likewise, the set of M phase filters included inthe DBF 303 for data beam 2 applies phases ϕ² ₁ to phase 64, the set ofM phase filters included in the DBF 303 for data beam 3 applies phasesϕ³ ₁ to phase 64, and the like. The time delays encoded on the 1:N databeams differ from each other. The phases encoded to the 1:N data beamsalso differ from each other.

As shown in FIG. 4, section 304 also includes a summation stagecomprising a plurality of adders or summation components configured tocombine/aggregate particular outputs of DBFs 303 and generate M outputsof section 304. The summation stage comprises M adders. Adder 414associated with path 1 combines the outputs of the phase shiftersassociated with path 1 from all of the N DBFs 303. Output of phasefilter 408 that applies a phase shift ϕ¹ ₁ in DBF 303 associated withdata beam 1, output of the phase filter that applies a phase shift ϕ² ₁in DBF 303 associated with data beam 2, and so forth to the output ofthe phase filter that applies a phase shift ϕ^(N) ₁ in DBF 303associated with data beam N are combined together by adder 414 andcomprises the output signal of section 304 for path 1.

Adder 416 associated with path 2 combines the outputs of the phaseshifters associated with path 2 from all of the N DBFs 303. Output ofphase filter 410 that applies a phase shift ϕ¹ ₂ in DBF 303 associatedwith data beam 1, output of the phase filter that applies a phase shiftϕ² ₂ in DBF 303 associated with data beam 2, and so forth to the outputof the phase filter that applies a phase shift ϕ^(N) ₂ in DBF 303associated with data beam N are combined together by adder 416 andcomprises the output signal of section 304 for path 2. Adder 418associated with path M combines the outputs of the phase shiftersassociated with path M from all of the N DBFs 303. Output of phasefilter 412 that applies a phase shift ϕ¹ _(M) in DBF 303 associated withdata beam 1, output of the phase filter that applies a phase shift ϕ²_(M) in DBF 303 associated with data beam 2, and so forth to the outputof the phase filter that applies a phase shift ϕ^(N) _(M) in DBF 303associated with data beam N are combined together by adder 418 andcomprises the output signal of section 304 for path M.

Each of the time delay filters and phase filters can be set and reset toparticular time delays and phases, respectively.

Returning to block 806 of FIG. 8, the M outputs of section 304 are upsampled by respective up samplers 308. The M outputs of section 304comprise digital data beams of the first channel. Next at block 808, theM digital mixers 310 are configured to frequency shift the digital databeams of the first channel that have been up sampled in block 806. Theamount of frequency shifting can be zero or a non-zero amount asdiscussed above.

Blocks 812-818 are similar to respective blocks 802-808 except thesignals processed are the plurality of data beams of a second channeldifferent from the first channel (e.g., N+1:2N data beams of channel 2).Accordingly, section 306, up samplers 312, and digital mixers 314 of DBFchip 100 are used in blocks 812-818 instead of section 304, up samplers308, and digital mixers 310, respectively.

Components included in section 306 are similar to components discussedabove for section 304 except for the amount of time delay and phaseencoding. As shown in FIG. 4, DBF 305 receives the N+1 data beam ofchannel 2 from data interface 302. DBF 305 for data beam N+1 includes amemory 420, a time delay filter 422, a digital filter 424, a digitalgain control 426, and a set of M phase filters ϕ^(N+1) ₁ to ϕ^(N+1) _(M)which are similar to respective memory 400, time delay filter 402,digital filter 404, digital gain control 406, and set of M phasefilters. However, time delay filter 422 is configured to apply a timedelay τ_(N+1) instead of τ₁ as in time delay filter 402. The set ofphase filters included in DBF 305 for data beam N+1 is configured toapply or shift phases by ϕ^(N+1) ₁ to ϕ^(N+1) _(M), which are differentphases than phases ϕ¹ ₁ to ϕ¹ _(M) of the set of phase filters includedin DBF 303 for data beam 1. Different time delay and phases are encodedby each of the DBFs 305 to respective data beams N+1:2N. Not only do thetime delays and phases applied differ between data beams of the samechannel, the time delay and phases applied also differ between databeams of a plurality of channels.

Section 306 also includes a summation stage comprising a plurality ofadders or summation components configured to combine/aggregateparticular outputs of DBFs 305 and generate M outputs of section 306.The summation stage comprises M adders. Adder 434 associated with path 1combines the outputs of the phase shifters associated with path 1 fromall of the N DBFs 305. Output of phase filter 428 that applies a phaseshift ϕ^(N+1) ₁ in DBF 305 associated with data beam N+1, output of thephase filter that applies a phase shift ϕ^(N+2) ₁ in DBF 305 associatedwith data beam N+2, and so forth to the output of the phase filter thatapplies a phase shift ϕ^(2N) ₁ in DBF 305 associated with data beam 2Nare combined together by adder 434 and comprises the output signal ofsection 306 for path 1.

Adder 436 associated with path 2 combines the outputs of the phaseshifters associated with path 2 from all of the N DBFs 305. Output ofphase filter 430 that applies a phase shift ϕ^(N+1) ₂ in DBF 305associated with data beam N+1, output of the phase filter that applies aphase shift ϕ^(N+2) ₂ in DBF 305 associated with data beam N+2, and soforth to the output of the phase filter that applies a phase shiftϕ^(2N) ₂ in DBF 305 associated with data beam 2N are combined togetherby adder 436 and comprises the output signal of section 306 for path 2.Adder 438 associated with path M combines the outputs of the phaseshifters associated with path M from all of the N DBFs 305. Output ofphase filter 432 that applies a phase shift ϕ^(N+1) _(M) in DBF 305associated with data beam N+1, output of the phase filter that applies aphase shift ϕ^(N+2) _(M) in DBF 305 associated with data beam N+2, andso forth to the output of the phase filter that applies a phase shiftϕ^(2N) _(M) in DBF 305 associated with data beam 2N are combinedtogether by adder 438 and comprises the output signal of section 306 forpath M.

Returning to FIG. 8, at block 820, each of the ith channel combiners 316(i=1 to M) is configured to combine the ith frequency shifted digitaldata beams of the first and second channels (from blocks 808 and 818) toform the ith combined or aggregated channel. FIG. 5 is an exampleillustration showing generation of the combined channel signal for path1 from a path-centric perspective in accordance with some embodiments ofthe present disclosure. Section 520 includes the components included inthe channel bonding section 300 that are associated with generation ofthe combined channel signal for path 1. Sections for each of paths 2 toM are similar to section 520 except for the particular time delays andphase shifts for respective paths.

The 1:N data beams of channel 1 are the inputs to respective time delayfilters 502 (τ₁:τ_(N)). Each of the time delayed data beams is thenphase shifted by a particular amount. For example, data beam 1 timedelayed by τ₁ is phase shifted by ϕ¹ ₁ in phase filter 508. Data beam 2time delayed by τ₂ is phase shifted by ϕ² ₁ in phase filter 510. Databeam N time delayed by τ_(N) is phase shifted by ϕ^(N) ₁ in phase filter512. The time delayed and phase shifted data beams 1:N are combined byan adder 500. The signal combined by adder 500 is frequency shifted byan amount −Δf by frequency shifter 510.

Thus, for path 1, the time delays for 1:N data beams run from τ₁:τ_(N)and for N+1:2N data beams run from τ_(N+1):τ_(2N). It is contemplatedthat the 2N data beams may be split into two channels as K1 beams in afirst channel and K2 beams in a second channel, in which K1+K2=2N and inwhich K1=K2 or K1≠K2.

The N+1:2N data beams of channel 2 are the inputs to respective timedelay filters 522 (τ_(N+1):τ_(2M)). Each of the time delayed data beamsis then phase shifted by a particular amount. For example, data beam N+1time delayed by τ_(N+1) is phase shifted by ϕ^(N+1) ₁ in phase filter528. Data beam N+2 time delayed by τ_(N+2) is phase shifted by ϕ^(N+2) ₁in phase filter 530. Data beam 2N time delayed by τ_(2N) is phaseshifted by ϕ^(2N) ₁ in phase filter 532. The time delayed and phaseshifted data beams N+1:2N are combined by an adder 501. The signalcombined by adder 501 is frequency shifted by an amount Δf by frequencyshifter 514.

The frequency shifts signals outputted by frequency shifters 510 and 514are combined by an adder 516. The output of adder 516 comprises thecombined signal for path 1.

Time delay filter 502 for data beam 1, phase filter 508, phase filter510, phase filter 512, time delay filter 522 for data beam 1, phasefilter 528, phase filter 530, phase filter 532, adder 500, adder 501,frequency shifter 510, frequency shifter 514, and adder 516 are similarto respective time delay filter 402, phase filter 408, phase filter 410,phase filter 412, time delay filter 422, phase filter 428, phase filter430, phase filter 432, adder 414, adder 434, digital mixer 310associated with path 1, digital mixer 314 associated with path 1, andchannel combiner 316 associated with path 1.

For the M combined channel signals from block 820, the ith IQ gain andphase compensator 318 is configured to perform gain and phasecompensation to the ith combined channel signal, at a block 822. Next,each of the ith compensated combined signal is processed by the ith RFsection 301 to generate a total of M RF signals (also referred to asantenna signals), at a block 824. The M RF signals can be poweramplified by respective PAs 340, at a block 826. If the power level ofthe RF signals are sufficient based on power amplification applied byPPAs 328 included in the RF sections 301, then block 826 may beoptional. Conversely, if PPAs 328 are omitted in RF sections 301, block826 may be performed to provide RF signals at desired power levels.Lastly, the M RF signals are provided to respective antenna elements 902for transmission, at a block 828.

As an example, DBF chip 100 supports M=32 antenna elements and the Nnumber of data beams per channel is equal to or less than 64. As anotherexample, M and N can be any of a variety of numbers. In someembodiments, the number of data beams in the first channel is the sameor different from the number of data beams in the second channel. Insome embodiments, more than two multi-beam channels may be combined andtransmitted on M antenna elements.

The antenna lattice 900 of FIG. 9, or more particularly, subset 904 ofantenna elements 902, is configured to transmit a combined beam composedof M RF signals in a preferred direction (such as in beam direction600). An antenna aperture (also referred to as an aperture) isassociated with antenna lattice 900. The antenna aperture is the areathrough which power is radiated by or to the antenna elements 902.

A phased array antenna synthesizes a specified electric field (phase andamplitude) across an aperture. Adding a phase shift to the signaltransmitted by each antenna in an array of antennas allows thecollective signal of these individual antennas to act as the signal of asingle antenna.

In designing an antenna aperture for generating a single beam from aplurality of antenna elements, there are multiple considerations forefficiency in the system, including, but not limited to, total gaindesired, beamwidth (e.g., how pointed the beam will be, a fan beam or apencil beam, for example), and undesirable effects, such as side lobes.

Gain at broadside in a phased array is both a function of the individualelement gain and the number of elements. The antenna aperture gain canbe calculated by the following equation:G _(A)=4π(Aη/λ ²)where A=aperture area; η=aperture efficiency; and λ=wavelength.

The number of elements required in an electronically-scanning phasedarray antenna can be estimated by the gain it must provide. Generally,more antenna elements yields more gain in a phased array antenna. Forexample, a 30 decibel (dB) gain array may include about 1000 antennaelements and a 20 dB gain array may include about 100 antenna elements.Uniform spacing between antenna elements (e.g., spacing or distance 910)is typically more advantageous in terms of total gain than non-uniformspacing between antenna elements. However, gain is reduced when scanningat an angle proportional to the cosine of the angle. Therefore, whenscanning at 60 degrees, the gain is reduced to ½.

The total area of the antenna aperture affects beamwidth. Therefore, thelarger the area of the antenna aperture, the narrower the beam producedfrom the antenna aperture.

In an antenna aperture having an antenna lattice with a plurality ofantenna elements, gaps between adjacent antenna elements can produceunwanted side lobes. Therefore, a threshold maximum spacing can becalculated between antenna elements to reduce unwanted side lobes. Theindividual antenna elements are spaced in the antenna aperture below thethreshold maximum spacing to reduce side lobe leakage.

In addition to unwanted side lobes, grating lobes can occur whensteering too far with a phased array. The effect of grating lobes isalso referred to as “aliasing,” resulting in the main beam reappearingon the wrong side. Therefore, antenna elements must also be spacedproperly in order to avoid grating lobes. For uniformly spaced arrayswith a constant spacing between elements, the maximum spacing can behalf-wavelength to avoid grating lobes.

The equation for maximum spacing is a function of wavelength ofoperation and maximum scan angle:d _(max)=λ/(1+sin θ)where λ=wavelength and θ=scan angle.

Thus for a 30 degree scan angle, d_(max) is (⅔)λ, while for a 60 degreescan angle, d_(max) is 0.54λ.

Therefore, the desired antenna aperture requires a balancing of multipletrade-offs in the system. For example, the system has a power budget fora total number of antenna elements. Knowing the total number of antennaelements based on the power budget, the area of the antenna apertureshould be maximized for optimal beamwidth, but the spacing betweenantenna elements should be minimized to reduce side lobes, gratinglobes, and aliasing.

The phased array antenna system including DBF chip 100 includes intotal, a plurality of DBF chips similar to DBF chip 100. Each DBF chipof the plurality of DBF chips is configured to provide RF signals to betransmitted by a particular subset of the plurality of antenna elements902 included in the antenna lattice 900. Such RF signals radiated by aparticular subset of the antenna elements comprises a beam (alsoreferred to as a transmitted beam, transmit beam, Tx beam, and/or thelike) having a particular beam direction. The particular beam directionfacilitates the beam impinging on, covering, or being received by aparticular area or device. For example, DBF chip 100 is associated withsubset 904, another DBF chip is associated with a subset 906 of theplurality of antenna elements 902 different from subset 904, and thelike. The phased array antenna system can include a minimum number ofDBF chips that is the total number of antenna elements divided by M.

In some embodiments, the phased array antenna system including DBF chip100 and the rest of the plurality of DBF chips are included in awireless communications system, a wideband communications system, asatellite-based communications system, a terrestrial- or ground-basedcommunications system, a non-geostationary (NGO) satellitecommunications system, a low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communicationssystem, and/or the like. For example, without limitation, the phasedarray antenna system can be included in a satellite, a user terminalassociated with user device(s), a gateway, a repeater, a communicationnode, and/or other device capable of receiving and transmitting signalswith another device of a satellite communications system.

FIG. 10 is an example illustration of DBF chips implemented in a daisychain configuration in accordance with some embodiments of the presentdisclosure. A common modem 1000 can provide multi-channel, multi-beamsper channel signals to a DBF chip 1002. DBF chip 1002, in response,configures at least a portion of the received signals into RF signals tobe transmitted by its associated set of antenna elements, as discussedabove. At least a portion of the signals from modem 1000 is provided toDBF chip 1004 via DBF chip 1002. In response, DBF chip 1004 similarlyconfigures RF signals to be transmitted by its associated set of antennaelements. At least a portion of the signals from modem 1000 is providedto DBF chip 1006 via DBF chips 1002 and 1004. DBF chip 1006 similarlyconfigures RF signals to be transmitted by its associated set of antennaelements. DBF chips 1002, 1004, and 1006 are synchronized by a commonreference clock 1008. Reference clock 1008 may be similar referenceclock 330 and serve to drive the RF PLLs, DAC PLLs, and LO generators ofDBF chips 1002, 1004, 1006.

In this manner, two channels, each carrying a plurality of data beams,can be combined, aggregated, or bonded into a single combined channelfor transmission by a set of M antenna elements included in an antennalattice of a phased array antenna. Each antenna element of the set ofantenna elements transmits a portion of the single combined channelinformation, so that the set of antenna elements as a whole transmitsthe entire content of the single combined channel in a format capable ofbeing reassembled or reconstituted by a receiver. A single DBF chipperforms the signal processing, including generation of the singledigital combined channel and providing the single combined channel on aRF carrier signal for transmission, for the set of antenna elements.

Because the two channels are combined into the single combined channel,the number of components required to generate the RF signals for the setof antenna elements based on the single combined channel is half thenumber of components that would be required absent aggregation of thetwo channels. In other words, the number of RF sections 301 is reducedby half since two separate channels need not be RF processed. Byextension, with fewer number of RF sections 301, fewer number of antennaelements are also needed to transmit the content of the two channels.With a fewer number of components used, reduction in power requirement,weight, space, and/or the like is achieved by the DBF chip. As anexample, power requirement of the phased array antenna system is reducedby 20-30% relative to if the multi-beam two channels are transmittedwithout aggregation in a single digital channel in the DBF chipsincluded in the phased array antenna system.

In some embodiments, DBF chip 100 is configured to receive as input aplurality of data beams included in more than two channels and generatea single aggregated or combined channel of such input for transmission.An N number of data beams (with N>1) included in each of a P number ofchannels (with P≥2), for a total of N×P number of data beams, cancomprise the input to the data interface 302. For example, channel 1includes 1:N data beams, channel 2 includes N+1:2N data beams, channel 3includes 2N+1:3N data beams, and so forth. For each ith channel of the Pnumber of channels, a N number of digital beamformers (similar to Ndigital beamformers 303), a M number of up samplers (similar to M upsamplers 308), and a M number of digital mixers (similar to M digitalmixers 310) are included in the channel bonding section 300 between thedata interface 302 and the M channel combiners.

In some embodiments, one or more of particular digital beamformers(e.g., any of digital beamformers 303 or 305) in any of the plurality ofdigital beamformers 304, 306 can be effectively made inactive ordisabled by dynamic control of the gain associated with such one or moreof the particular digital beamformers. A processor or controller isconfigured to determine when and which of the particular digitalbeamformers are to be effectively inactive or disabled. In response tothe determination, the gain factor or value associated with each ofthose particular digital beamformers of interest is set to zero (changedfrom a value greater than zero to zero). Accordingly, all of the Mtransmit signal (processing) paths of DBF chip 100 continue to generateand radiate signals, but the signal components outputted from thezero-gain digital beamformers will have zero amplitude and contribute anull or no data carrying component in the overall transmission beam. Theremaining components of the overall transmission beam (those from thenon-zero gain digital beamformers) and the overall transmission beam arenot adversely impacted by the beam components associated with the zerogain.

Dynamic selective gain setting of particular digital beamformers of DBFchip 100 can occur in accordance with inactive or null data beams in the2N data beams. For example, if data beams 1, 2, and 2N are inactive,null, absent data, or otherwise not to contribute to the overall beam tobe transmitted, then respective digital beamformers 1, 2, and 2N can beset to zero gain. This means any resulting/overall transmission can havethe same or fewer number of data-bearing signal components than thenominal or total number of possible signal components, even though allof the nominal/total number of possible signal components continue to beradiated or transmitted.

Examples of the devices, systems, and/or methods of various embodimentsare provided below. An embodiment of the devices, systems, and/ormethods can include any one or more, and any combination of, theexamples described below.

Example 1 is an apparatus including a first plurality of digitalbeamformers associated with a first channel, the first plurality ofdigital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a firstplurality of data beams of the first channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded first plurality of data beams; asecond plurality of digital beamformers associated with a second channeldifferent from the first channel, the second plurality of digitalbeamformers configured to encode each data beam of a second plurality ofdata beams of the second channel with a respective time delay and phaseto generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; a channelcombiner, electrically coupled to the first and second plurality ofdigital beamformers, and configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of at least a portion of the encoded firstplurality of data beams and at least a portion of the encoded secondplurality of data beams, wherein the combined channel has a bandwidththat is a function of a bandwidth of one or both of the first or secondchannel; and a radio frequency (RF) transmission section, electricallycoupled to the channel combiner, and configured to generate an outputsignal to be provided to a transmitting antenna based on the combinedchannel, wherein the RF transmission section includes adigital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a mixer.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and further includesfirst and second digital mixers electrically coupled between the channelcombiner and respective first and second plurality of digitalbeamformers, and wherein the first digital mixer is configured to shifta first central frequency associated with the first channel and thesecond digital mixer is configured to shift a second central frequencyassociated with the second channel.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-2, andfurther includes wherein the plurality of first and second plurality ofdata beams comprise 2N data beams and each of the first and secondplurality of digital beamformers comprises N digital beamformers, andfurther includes a plurality of channel combiners electrically coupledto the first and second plurality of digital beamformers, wherein theplurality of channel combiners comprises M channel combiners and thechannel combiner is included in the plurality of channel combiners; anda plurality of RF transmission sections electrically coupled to theplurality of channel combiners, wherein the plurality of RF transmissionsections comprises M RF transmission sections and the RF transmissionsection is included in the plurality of RF transmission sections,wherein the plurality of RF transmission sections is configured togenerate M output signals, and wherein the plurality of RF transmissionsections electrically couple to M antennas of a phased array antenna toprovide the M output signals for transmission.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-3, andfurther includes wherein at least one particular digital beamformer ofthe first plurality of digital beamformers or at least one particulardigital beamformer of the second plurality of digital beamformers isdynamically disabled with a zero gain setting if the data beamassociated with the at least one particular digital beamformer comprisesinactive data, null data, is missing data, or data not to betransmitted.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-4, andfurther includes wherein the bandwidth of the combined channel is thesame as the bandwidth of the first channel or the bandwidth of thecombined channel is the bandwidth of both the first and second channels.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-5, andfurther includes an antenna element electrically coupled to the RFtransmission section and configured to transmit the output signal.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 1-6, andfurther includes wherein the antenna element is an antenna element of aplurality of antenna elements comprising a phased array antenna.

Example 8 is an apparatus including a first plurality of digitalbeamformers associated with a first channel, the first plurality ofdigital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a firstplurality of data beams of the first channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded first plurality of data beams; asecond plurality of digital beamformers associated with a second channeldifferent from the first channel, the second plurality of digitalbeamformers configured to encode each data beam of a second plurality ofdata beams of the second channel with a respective time delay and phaseto generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; and a pluralityof channel combiners electrically coupled to the first and secondplurality of digital beamformers, wherein each channel combiner of theplurality channel combiners is configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of at least a portion of the encoded firstplurality of data beams and at least a portion of the encoded secondplurality of data beams, wherein each combined channel has a bandwidththat is a function of a bandwidth of one or both of the first or secondchannel, and wherein each combined channel is to be transmitted on anantenna of a phased array antenna.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of Example 8, and further includesfirst and second plurality of digital mixers, wherein the firstplurality of digital mixers are electrically coupled between the firstplurality of digital beamformers and the plurality of channel combinersand the second plurality of digital mixers are electrically coupledbetween the second plurality of digital beamformers and the plurality ofchannel combiners, and wherein each digital mixer of the first pluralityof digital mixers is configured to shift a first central frequencyassociated with the first channel and each digital mixer of the secondplurality of digital mixers is configured to shift a second centralfrequency associated with the second channel.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 8-9, andfurther includes wherein the first and second plurality of data beamscomprise 2N data beams, each of the first and second plurality ofdigital beamformers comprises N digital beamformers, and the pluralityof channel combiners comprises M channel combiners, and furthercomprising a plurality of RF transmission sections electrically coupledto the plurality of channel combiners, wherein the plurality of RFtransmission sections comprises M RF transmission sections, and whereinthe plurality of RF transmission sections electrically couple to Mantennas of the phased array antenna.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 8-10, andfurther includes wherein the bandwidth of the combined channel is thesame as the bandwidth of the first channel or the bandwidth of thecombined channel is the bandwidth of both the first and second channels.

Example 12 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 8-11, andfurther includes wherein the apparatus comprises an integrated circuit(IC) chip.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 8-12, andfurther includes wherein at least one particular digital beamformer ofthe first plurality of digital beamformers or at least one particulardigital beamformer of the second plurality of digital beamformers isdynamically disabled with a zero gain setting if the data beamassociated with the at least one particular digital beamformer comprisesinactive data, null data, is missing data, or data not to betransmitted.

Example 14 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 8-13, andfurther includes wherein each data beam of the at least a portion of theencoded first plurality of data beams and the at least a portion of theencoded second plurality of data beams is located in a same frequencyrange of the combined channel.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 8-14, andfurther includes wherein each data beam of the at least a portion of theencoded first plurality of data beams is located in a first frequencyrange of the combined channel and each data beam of the at least aportion of the encoded second plurality of data beams is located in asecond frequency range of the combined channel.

Example 16 is a communication node of a communications system, thecommunication node including a plurality of antenna elements arranged inan antenna lattice; and an integrated circuit (IC) chip including afirst plurality of digital beamformers associated with a first channel,the first plurality of digital beamformers configured to encode eachdata beam of a first plurality of data beams of the first channel with arespective time delay and phase to generate an encoded first pluralityof data beams; a second plurality of digital beamformers associated witha second channel different from the first channel, the second pluralityof digital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a secondplurality of data beams of the second channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; achannel combiner, electrically coupled to the first and second pluralityof digital beamformers, and configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of at least a portion of the encoded firstplurality of data beams and at least a portion of the encoded secondplurality of data beams; and a radio frequency (RF) transmissionsection, electrically coupled to the channel combiner, and configured togenerate an output signal to be provided to an antenna element of theplurality of antenna elements based on the combined channel, wherein theRF transmission section includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) anda mixer, and wherein power requirement of the system is reduced by20-30% relative to a system that transmits the first and secondplurality of data beams in more than one channel.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and furtherincludes first and second digital mixers electrically coupled betweenthe channel combiner and respective first and second plurality ofdigital beamformers, and wherein the first digital mixer is configuredto shift a first central frequency associated with the first channel andthe second digital mixer is configured to shift a second centralfrequency associated with the second channel.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 16-17, andfurther includes wherein the first digital mixer is configured to shiftthe first central frequency by Δf and the second digital mixer isconfigured to shift the second central frequency by −Δf.

Example 19 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 16-18, andfurther includes wherein the first and second plurality of data beamscomprise 2N data beams and each of the first and second plurality ofdigital beamformers comprises N digital beamformers, and furtherincluding a plurality of channel combiners electrically coupled to thefirst and second plurality of digital beamformers, wherein the pluralityof channel combiners comprises M channel combiners and the channelcombiner is included in the plurality of channel combiners; and aplurality of RF transmission sections electrically coupled to theplurality of channel combiners, wherein the plurality of RF transmissionsections comprises M RF transmission sections and the RF transmissionsection is included in the plurality of RF transmission sections, andwherein the plurality of RF transmission sections electrically couple toM antenna elements of the plurality of antenna elements.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 16-19, andfurther includes wherein a bandwidth of the combined channel is the sameas a bandwidth of the first channel or the bandwidth of the combinedchannel is the bandwidth of both the first and second channels.

Example 21 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 16-20, andfurther includes a plurality of IC chips, wherein the IC chip isincluded in the plurality of IC chips and each IC chip of the pluralityof IC chips is configured to provide signals to be transmitted on adifferent subset of antenna elements of the plurality of antennaelements.

Example 22 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 16-21, andfurther includes wherein the communication node comprises a satellite, auser terminal, a gateway, a repeater, or a communication node of asatellite communication system.

Example 23 is a method for transmitting data signals, the methodincluding, in response to receiving a first plurality of data signals ina first channel, generating an encoded digital first plurality of datasignals by encoding each data signal of the first plurality of datasignals with a respective time delay and phase; in response to receivinga second plurality of data signals in a second channel, generating anencoded digital second plurality of data signals by encoding each datasignal of the second plurality of data signals with a respective timedelay and phase; combining the encoded digital first plurality of datasignals and the encoded digital second plurality of data signals togenerate a combined channel signal having a bandwidth that is a functionof a bandwidth of one or both of the first or second channel; applyingdigital-to-analog conversion to the combined channel signal to generatean analog combined channel signal; up converting the analog combinedchannel signal to generate a radio frequency (RF) signal based on theanalog combined channel signal; and wirelessly transmitting the RFsignal.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of Example 23, and furtherincludes wherein combining the encoded digital first plurality of datasignals and the encoded digital second plurality of data signals togenerate a combined channel signal comprises each data signal of theencoded digital first plurality of data signals and the encoded digitalsecond plurality of data signals located in a same frequency range ofthe combined channel signal.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of any of Examples 23-24, andfurther includes wherein combining the encoded digital first pluralityof data signals and the encoded digital second plurality of data signalsto generate a combined channel signal comprises each data signal of theencoded digital first plurality of data signals located in a firstfrequency range of the combined channel signal and each data signal ofthe encoded digital second plurality of data signals located in a secondfrequency range of the combined channel signal.

Although certain embodiments have been illustrated and described hereinfor purposes of description, a wide variety of alternate and/orequivalent embodiments or implementations calculated to achieve the samepurposes may be substituted for the embodiments shown and describedwithout departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thisapplication is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of theembodiments discussed herein. Therefore, it is manifestly intended thatembodiments described herein be limited only by the claims.

What we claim is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a first plurality ofdigital beamformers associated with a first channel, the first pluralityof digital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a firstplurality of data beams of the first channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded first plurality of data beams; asecond plurality of digital beamformers associated with a second channeldifferent from the first channel, the second plurality of digitalbeamformers configured to encode each data beam of a second plurality ofdata beams of the second channel with a respective time delay and phaseto generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; a channelcombiner, electrically coupled to the first and second plurality ofdigital beamformers, and configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of at least a portion of the encoded firstplurality of data beams and at least a portion of the encoded secondplurality of data beams, wherein the combined channel has a bandwidththat is a function of a bandwidth of one or both of the first or secondchannel; and a radio frequency (RF) transmission section, electricallycoupled to the channel combiner, and configured to generate an outputsignal to be provided to a transmitting antenna based on the combinedchannel, wherein the RF transmission section includes adigital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a mixer.
 2. The apparatus of claim1, further comprising first and second digital mixers electricallycoupled between the channel combiner and respective first and secondplurality of digital beamformers, and wherein the first digital mixer isconfigured to shift a first central frequency associated with the firstchannel and the second digital mixer is configured to shift a secondcentral frequency associated with the second channel.
 3. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the plurality of first and second plurality of databeams comprise 2N data beams and each of the first and second pluralityof digital beamformers comprises N digital beamformers, and furthercomprising: a plurality of channel combiners electrically coupled to thefirst and second plurality of digital beamformers, wherein the pluralityof channel combiners comprises M channel combiners and the channelcombiner is included in the plurality of channel combiners; and aplurality of RF transmission sections electrically coupled to theplurality of channel combiners, wherein the plurality of RF transmissionsections comprises M RF transmission sections and the RF transmissionsection is included in the plurality of RF transmission sections,wherein the plurality of RF transmission sections is configured togenerate M output signals, and wherein the plurality of RF transmissionsections electrically couple to M antennas of a phased array antenna toprovide the M output signals for transmission.
 4. The apparatus of claim1, wherein at least one particular digital beamformer of the firstplurality of digital beamformers or at least one particular digitalbeamformer of the second plurality of digital beamformers is dynamicallydisabled with a zero gain setting if the data beam associated with theat least one particular digital beamformer comprises inactive data, nulldata, is missing data, or data not to be transmitted.
 5. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the bandwidth of the combined channel is the same asthe bandwidth of the first channel or the bandwidth of the combinedchannel is the bandwidth of both the first and second channels.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, further comprising an antenna element electricallycoupled to the RF transmission section and configured to transmit theoutput signal.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the antenna elementis an antenna element of a plurality of antenna elements comprising aphased array antenna.
 8. An apparatus comprising: a first plurality ofdigital beamformers associated with a first channel, the first pluralityof digital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a firstplurality of data beams of the first channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded first plurality of data beams; asecond plurality of digital beamformers associated with a second channeldifferent from the first channel, the second plurality of digitalbeamformers configured to encode each data beam of a second plurality ofdata beams of the second channel with a respective time delay and phaseto generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; and a pluralityof channel combiners electrically coupled to the first and secondplurality of digital beamformers, wherein each channel combiner of theplurality channel combiners is configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of at least a portion of the encoded firstplurality of data beams and at least a portion of the encoded secondplurality of data beams, wherein each combined channel has a bandwidththat is a function of a bandwidth of one or both of the first or secondchannel, and wherein each combined channel is to be transmitted on anantenna of a phased array antenna.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, furthercomprising first and second plurality of digital mixers, wherein thefirst plurality of digital mixers are electrically coupled between thefirst plurality of digital beamformers and the plurality of channelcombiners and the second plurality of digital mixers are electricallycoupled between the second plurality of digital beamformers and theplurality of channel combiners, and wherein each digital mixer of thefirst plurality of digital mixers is configured to shift a first centralfrequency associated with the first channel and each digital mixer ofthe second plurality of digital mixers is configured to shift a secondcentral frequency associated with the second channel.
 10. The apparatusof claim 8, wherein the first and second plurality of data beamscomprise 2N data beams, each of the first and second plurality ofdigital beamformers comprises N digital beamformers, and the pluralityof channel combiners comprises M channel combiners, and furthercomprising a plurality of RF transmission sections electrically coupledto the plurality of channel combiners, wherein the plurality of RFtransmission sections comprises M RF transmission sections, and whereinthe plurality of RF transmission sections electrically couple to Mantennas of the phased array antenna.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8,wherein the bandwidth of the combined channel is the same as thebandwidth of the first channel or the bandwidth of the combined channelis the bandwidth of both the first and second channels.
 12. Theapparatus of claim 8, wherein the apparatus comprises an integratedcircuit (IC) chip.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein at least oneparticular digital beamformer of the first plurality of digitalbeamformers or at least one particular digital beamformer of the secondplurality of digital beamformers is dynamically disabled with a zerogain setting if the data beam associated with the at least oneparticular digital beamformer comprises inactive data, null data, ismissing data, or data not to be transmitted.
 14. The apparatus of claim8, wherein each data beam of the at least a portion of the encoded firstplurality of data beams and the at least a portion of the encoded secondplurality of data beams is located in a same frequency range of thecombined channel.
 15. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each data beamof the at least a portion of the encoded first plurality of data beamsis located in a first frequency range of the combined channel and eachdata beam of the at least a portion of the encoded second plurality ofdata beams is located in a second frequency range of the combinedchannel.
 16. A communication node of a communications system, thecommunication node comprising: a plurality of antenna elements arrangedin an antenna lattice; and an integrated circuit (IC) chip comprising: afirst plurality of digital beamformers associated with a first channel,the first plurality of digital beamformers configured to encode eachdata beam of a first plurality of data beams of the first channel with arespective time delay and phase to generate an encoded first pluralityof data beams; a second plurality of digital beamformers associated witha second channel different from the first channel, the second pluralityof digital beamformers configured to encode each data beam of a secondplurality of data beams of the second channel with a respective timedelay and phase to generate an encoded second plurality of data beams; achannel combiner, electrically coupled to the first and second pluralityof digital beamformers, and configured to generate a combined channelcomprising an aggregation of at least a portion of the encoded firstplurality of data beams and at least a portion of the encoded secondplurality of data beams; and a radio frequency (RF) transmissionsection, electrically coupled to the channel combiner, and configured togenerate an output signal to be provided to an antenna element of theplurality of antenna elements based on the combined channel, wherein theRF transmission section includes a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) anda mixer, and wherein power requirement of the system is reduced by20-30% relative to a system that transmits the first and secondplurality of data beams in more than one channel.
 17. The communicationnode of claim 16, further comprising first and second digital mixerselectrically coupled between the channel combiner and respective firstand second plurality of digital beamformers, and wherein the firstdigital mixer is configured to shift a first central frequencyassociated with the first channel and the second digital mixer isconfigured to shift a second central frequency associated with thesecond channel.
 18. The communication node of claim 17, wherein thefirst digital mixer is configured to shift the first central frequencyby Δf and the second digital mixer is configured to shift the secondcentral frequency by −Δf.
 19. The communication node of claim 16,wherein the first and second plurality of data beams comprise 2N databeams and each of the first and second plurality of digital beamformerscomprises N digital beamformers, and further comprising: a plurality ofchannel combiners electrically coupled to the first and second pluralityof digital beamformers, wherein the plurality of channel combinerscomprises M channel combiners and the channel combiner is included inthe plurality of channel combiners; and a plurality of RF transmissionsections electrically coupled to the plurality of channel combiners,wherein the plurality of RF transmission sections comprises M RFtransmission sections and the RF transmission section is included in theplurality of RF transmission sections, and wherein the plurality of RFtransmission sections electrically couple to M antenna elements of theplurality of antenna elements.
 20. The communication node of claim 16,wherein a bandwidth of the combined channel is the same as a bandwidthof the first channel or the bandwidth of the combined channel is thebandwidth of both the first and second channels.
 21. The communicationnode of claim 16, further comprising a plurality of IC chips, whereinthe IC chip is included in the plurality of IC chips and each IC chip ofthe plurality of IC chips is configured to provide signals to betransmitted on a different subset of antenna elements of the pluralityof antenna elements.
 22. The communication node of claim 16, wherein thecommunication node comprises a satellite, a user terminal, a gateway, arepeater, or a communication node of a satellite communication system.